How Can Events Contribute to Destination Image Enhancement Free Essays

Presentation The picture of a nation or goal is crucial to the development of the country. By utilizing the correct types of endeavors, the goal can be extraordinarily upgraded. Nations utilized their strong point to draw in sightseers to visit them. We will compose a custom paper test on In what manner Can Events Contribute to Destination Image Enhancement? or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now While nations with stunning scenes, remarkable societies or marvels of the world pull in their own sweethearts, others make their own one of a kind â€Å"scenes† which are called, occasions. An occasion is something that occurs in a spot and time. A fruitful occasion not just advantage as far as benefits, it likewise upgraded the picture of the specific area. In this paper, some fruitful occasions will be taken a gander at, disclosing to us how these occasions shape the picture of the goal and how they have assisted with improving the picture of those goals. Anuga, Cologne, Germany During World War Two, a significant part of the city of Cologne was crushed, before the finish of the war, just 40,000 individuals were all the while living in the city. In 1947, the city was modified, keeping the essence of the post-war Cologne. Cologne is additionally the fourth biggest city in Germany and one of the most voyage goal in Europe. Every year, Koelnmesse have in excess of 50 global exchange fairs, drawing in 2,000,000 individuals. Among them are Anuga; the biggest food appear on the planet and Cologne Carnival; known as the â€Å"fifth† season for local people. In 2011, Anuga 2011 pulled in 6596 organizations from more than 100 nations with a take up pace of 284,000 square meters of room. 86% of which were outside exhibitors and more than 155,000 exchange guests went to the show. Cologne needed to suit to the convergence of guests every year. Framework was worked around the social scene of Cologne to do only that. It is likewise a one of the most significant traffic center with all rapid trains halting there. Lodging were plenitude to house the millions who travel to Cologne for the exchange fairs and there was no absence of eateries and shopping. In any case, McCannell (1973) scrutinized the legitimacy of what are depicted to sightseers in a goal, the structure of such foundation may influence the general scene of the first Cologne, which is gigantic in a solid social vibe, consequently depicting an alternate sort of city from what it should be. While the attention is put on universal exchange fairs for the city, the history needed to clear a path for the turn of events. Cologne has mirrored a portion of the stages on Jafari (1990). The support stage, â€Å"the good† is the monetary advantages that the business brought, the measure of visitor cash spent in the city during the occasion is high, the lodgings profited during the period, converting into financial increases. The preventative stage, â€Å"the bad† demonstrates the contrary effects which the occasion may bring to the city in resistance, social issues, for example, burglary gets normal and landmarks could be incredibly deteriorated with more individuals. The adaptancy stage, â€Å"the how† draws out the great and diminishes the terrible of the business, it concentrated on the host nation and simultaneously, fulfilling the guests. So as to do as such, a great part of the framework in Cologne works around the landmarks and not wrecking them. In the information based stage, â€Å"the why†, the significance of information is the central matter. Anuga, today, has become the must visit or should take an interest food occasion of the business, the existing together foundation of Jafari (1990) should help improved the picture of the city. ? Beijing Olympics, China In 2008, the Olympics was held in Beijing, China. Since the time the declaration was made in 2004, China has been in anticipation of the occasion. To do as such, Beijing had arranged structure of arenas, inns, shopping centers to house the competitors, mentors just as crowds from around the globe. The now widely acclaimed â€Å"bird’s nest† arena was worked by 7000 specialists and can house up to 91,000 crowds one after another. It was accounted for that China had made a benefit of more than 1 billion yuan for facilitating the 2008 Olympics. These benefits originated from deals of broadcasting rights, trinkets, tickets and sponsorship. Nations from around the globe contend to have the Olympics to â€Å"put their nation on the map† and expanded the country’s universal presentation or to advise the world to envision something important from the nation, which sounds good to an enormous broaden. China has hence become a rising immense market for the world, with a colossal interest for imported merchandise just as a solid nearness in the fare of China items. The occasion fills in as a trailer to illuminate the world regarding its coming. The 2008 Olympics not just made cutting edge framework inside oriental Beijing, yet it additionally draws in the consideration of global partners, boosting the picture of Beijing, China. F1 Grandprix, Singapore F1 Grandprix started route back in the early wearing days, it includes the absolute best race vehicles on the planet and have made legends on the tracks. Today, the race has gone on to 19 nations on the planet including Singapore. Singapore facilitated the F1 Grandprix in 2008, the first since forever night race. The TV viewership was evaluated at 350 million. While numerous watches the race through different media stages, some would look for, as said by McCannell. D (1973, 1976), real encounters, by visiting the goal to encounter the live occasion. In any case, Boorstin (1961) would state that the guests previously expected to perceive what they definitely realize will see. In spite of the fact that it may not make a big deal about distinction for watchers as it would simply be another race in another nation, which is unsurprising. Ritzer and Liska (1997)’s mcdonaldization would bolster that, travel industry goal or for this situation, the occasion, is unsurprising, with costly tickets, comparative race tracks, swarmed puts and even the racers are the equivalent however the Singapore race is extraordinary all alone. By sorting out the F1 Grandprix in Singapore, the â€Å"Singapore Brand† would enormously profit by it. Rather than an ordinary day race, which many would anticipate that it should be, the race is done around evening time, which makes it the first ever F1 night race to be held on the planet. It would likewise show the world how Singapore is fit for changing the bustling midtown streets into race tracks for the vehicle racers, very quickly. This would thus profit the travel industry area in Singapore. In an initial proclamation by Minister in Prime Minister’s Office, Second Minister for Home Affairs and Trade and Industry, Mr S Iswaran, it was said that F1 has helped Singapore accomplished a firm remaining as a worldwide city. From the financial perspective, the race has pulled in excess of 150,000 worldwide guests since its first race and around $140-$150 million the travel industry receipts every year. The race would be facilitated in Singapore till 2017, in the coming years, the multiplier impact of the race would be critical. ? End A goal is where a person or thing is going or being sent, and in this paper, the occasion draws in individuals to the goal and simultaneously, the occasion going to different pieces of the world through various medium. All the more regularly, occasions are being composed in a solitary goal to profit both the nation and the coordinators, they supplement each other in their own particular manners. A few models are the occasions expounded above, Anuga acquires businessmen from the food business to Cologne, and Cologne acquaints itself with the world through Anuga. The F1 Grandprix in Singapore does likewise. Previously, many may not know where Singapore is, some never at any point knew about the name, yet through the facilitating of F1 Grandprix, Singapore can exhibit its brilliant horizon and its much supported abilities to the world. These occasions not just create notoriety to the goal, it additionally produces incomes, and numerous immaterial advantages which can turn over numerous years. The three occasions examined above has demonstrated that an incredibly famous occasion can add to a goal picture upgrade and in particular, permit the goal to inked its character on the world guide. The most effective method to refer to How Can Events Contribute to Destination Image Enhancement?, Essay models

FAST FOOD NATION Essays - Food And Drink, Fast Food,

Cheap FOOD NATION The world economy has become quick paced, and this has constrained individuals to change their way of life so as to adjust to the evolving pace. Family structures have developed definitely with current moms having outside professions instead of being housewives. Allowed such moms escape work exhausted with little solidarity to set up a legitimate dinner for the family. They frequently choose a simpler method of setting up a dinner for their families. This is the establishment for the flourishing of cheap food industry. Various countries have been changed to inexpensive food country with American culture being on the lead followed by Britain. American has the biggest inexpensive food industry on the planet with outlets in more than 200 outside countries. With accommodations around us and occupied way of life, inexpensive food industry has gotten all the more engaging. Fast food industry is a genuine danger to strength of a country. All things considered, there are cafés that offer so lid and natural nourishments. Be that as it may, they are not the standard but rather exemptions. A greater part of drive-through eatery offer trashes to customers. A bigger extent of inexpensive food is produced using inadequate meats, which are taken from low quality creatures. To put it plainly, the meat isn't drawn from one normal set, yet rather from a large group of parts that are beat together to make an entire burger. The probability of malady spread is exceptionally high since the meat is taken from various creatures and creature parts. In his book Fast Food Nation', Schlosser presents a nitty gritty record of the constituents of many quick nourishments. In section 9 of the book, he gives a case where ground meat was reviewed after E. Coli was recognized. The exacerbating issue was that 25 million pounds of the meat had been expended. More or less, he cautions that with quick nourishments, the chance of across the country food contamination is unavoidable. Moreover, the particular flavors that are added to these nourishments to make them taste great are mind boggling synthetic substances. Over the long haul, individuals wind up devouring galactic measures of calories, which just makes a yearning for more and subsequently one gets torpid. This clarifies why most inexpensive food countries are experiencing stout plague. In actuality, America's most noteworthy medical issue right now is kids corpulence. This is so as inexpensive food organizations, for example, McDonald are focusing on youngsters through the media by offering them free toys after buying their nourishments. Kids are not by any means the only casualties. Numerous grown-ups are regularly not mindful of the substance of the nourishments they are served and how it has been readied. End Despite the fact that inexpensive food industry offers business chances to numerous individuals, it is essential to place into account the hindering impacts of these eateries to the prosperity of the general public on the loose. It is silly that numerous individuals don't set aside some effort to think about the substance and the method of readiness of the nourishments they buy.

Managing Decision Making and decision support Essay - 2

Overseeing Decision Making and choice help - Essay Example c) The powerlessness of Morse to deal with its end-client processing is a structure issue. There organization comprehends the issue and it is intermittent event. There are arrangements and potential ways the organization can decide to tackle the issue in the event that they are happy to contribute assets to get the answer for the issue. a) The correspondence model Morse embraced with its SPMT the executives is a wheel correspondence model with the SPMT filling in as center control component. There is little freedom to settle on choice, however the administrative staff specifically the CEO has a ton of control over the dynamic. b) The correspondence and dynamic model at Morse has not worked in light of the fact that now and again individuals without the information are engaging in issues they don't comprehend. The IT office is an ideal model how imperfect the dynamic model is at Morse. c) Groupthink was not powerful at Morse in light of the fact that the staff didn't tune in to every others thoughts and the leader of the chiefs were excessively fierce. This caused awful dynamic in this association. d) Group think can have adverse impacts at the capacity of a gathering showing up at a choice since it disregards, as far as possible the other options, decreases the capacity to recognize and joins predispositions into the choice. a) Process misfortunes of cooperative choice creation include: inconsistent verbal commitment, coordination issues, broadcast appointment fracture, lessening blocking, focus blocking, influence relationship issues, mingling, control and data over-burden. Data over-burden implies a lot of information is going into a gathering with no genuine assessment. Inconsistent verbal commitment implies a couple of part use constantly to uncover their thoughts while other are not contributing anything. b) At Morse different procedure misfortunes happened. Control happened against the activities of the IT staff just as data over-burden from the IT staff to the remainder of the supervisors. There

mecbeth essays

mecbeth articles Master of the Flies give us an unmistakable contrast among viciousness and the edified society. Goldings topic of human advancement and viciousness for the most part rotates around Jacks character and spotlights on his obligation regarding the fall of discerning society into barbarianism and Ralphs fight for request. Golding builds up a remote location with a contention between two distinct considerations of pre edified humankind and with no general public, no guidelines, and no worries aside from individual endurance, each man for them selves. Golding starts of the novel by straight away indicating clear contrast among savage and humanized. Ralph is playing on the sea shore bare and doesn't freeze over the kids' surrender on the island. Bareness is drilled in uncouth societies. Then again, as per Claire Rosenfield it can likewise be an away from of Eden which is comprehended as heaven. The allurement is to respect the island on which the kids are marooned as a sort of Eden (2). In any case, how does this Edenic heaven breakdown? The primary indication of difficulty is the point at which we see Jack and his walking ensemble. Jack and his ensemble appear to be solid and powerfull, with Jacks style and his ensemble walking in synchronize with each other. The gathering is additionally the primary human advancement on they island despite the fact that being a downbeat one. With his dull shroud and red hair, Jack appears to have a terrible and insidiousness sided impression. Jack resembles a pioneer, he arranges his ensemble as though they were troops. He doesn't permit space for neither conversation or thoughts. The primary job he decides for his ensemble is to be trackers, which is vicious, and shows viciousness. Be that as it may, Jack isn't yet used to brutality, since he experienced difficulties in slaughtering a pig. They knew very well why he hadnt: on account of the hugeness of the blade diving and cutting into living substance; as a result of the excruciating blood (29). Jack isn't utilized to brutality. Golding shows that Jack must get himself to do... <!

What Are Memoir Essay Samples?

What Are Memoir Essay Samples?The memoir essay samples are many in the market. The writer is usually bewildered as to what to write about. Before you embark on a project that is going to be of interest to others, the first thing that you need to do is determine your purpose for writing.Perhaps you will find yourself having to use language that you may not have used before. It is true that the writer will not be totally unfamiliar with it, but the writer has to make sure that it doesn't take away from the story. Remember that there are thousands of words that can be used for this purpose.You have to ensure that the words are written in the right tone. You have to make sure that the information you write is catchy and that it sells well. This is the only way that you will be able to get the work to the market. A single-spaced, double-spaced or single-spaced one-sided, that is proper, is fine for the short-term.Some of the memoir essay samples can be quite graphic in nature. However, th e writer must also keep in mind that the readers are not only the adults but also the teens who are looking for some amusing or cute essays. This is why you must make sure that the words that you have written are suitable for both the ones who are grown up and the young ones.There are different types of situations that a writer can face. It is good to know how to deal with each one so that the writer is free to write about it in a unique way. An example would be, you have a teenager who has been sexually abused by a member of the family. You can use this kind of situation to write about in your essay.Since the memoir essay samples have to reflect your feeling and emotions, you should try to use more of them. Since you are not a professional, your ability to express your feelings is limited. However, you can always use the techniques to help you express the contents. While using more words, you are also more assured that you have a lot of space to do so.Remember that the memoir essay samples are just pieces of paper that you can use as you wish. You can change them anytime you want to. You don't have to stick to a particular format. As long as the basic ideas are there, you can start mixing them into the pieces that you have.The reason why the memoir essay samples are not very appealing to most people is that they tend to be very bland. However, it is good if you find a way to express your feelings and emotions in such a way. Just remember that it is necessary to research on what to write about before writing the essay.

Briefing Package for Incoming Minister Australia’s Offshore Detention policy - Free Essay Example

Overview of the Australia’s Offshore Detention policy The last two decades have experienced numerous amendments to the Australian’s offshore detention policy (Mares and Mares 2001, pp. 341). Majorly, as a political response to the ever increasing number of refugees and asylum seekers arriving the Australian coast by boats and a consequent reports of deaths at seas between Indonesia and Australia as well as the mistreatment of migrants including discrimination, sexual assault and murder, it is important to seek for further amendments of the policies as a remedy to the prevailing controversy. According to studies, 51,640 emigrants arrived in Australia within a period of 5 years to December 2013, and at least 860 deaths were recorded over the same period of five years. It is worth understanding that the both Australia’s major political parties in conjunction with the ministry of immigration have endeavoured to address the controversy surrounding Australian’s offshore detention policy through deterrence-based policies which seem to block access to protection as well as imposing heavy penalties on migrants who arrive by boat (Leach, M., 2003, pp. 25). Impact of the Australian’s offshore detention policy and its amendments In the period 2012 and 2013 financial year, the Australian refugee and humanitarian program had expanded to 20,000 places that have been divided between onshore protection and offshore resettlement. According to studies, this marks the largest increase to the program in three decades and is estimated to have resulted in 85% rise as far as the number of offshore resettlement visas issued is concerned. Furthermore, following the change of the government in 2013, the refugee and humanitarian program rescued to about 14000 places in which majority of these places were dedicated to offshore resettlement (Jupp 2014, pp. 540). However, the department of immigrations projects an increase of 15% places by the year 2019. The government has recently announced that it would create additional 10,000 humanitarian places for refugees and asylums following the crises reported in Iraq and Syria (Hawkins, F., 1991, pp 618). Further, the government has announced that it is finalizing granting all 10,000 visas, despite the fact that some people are yet to arrive in the designated places. In the last three decades, the Australian’s offshore detention policy has had various amendments as outlined below (Mares and Mares 2001, pp. 341). Community placements In October 2010, the Australian government adopted the use of community detention as an approach to hold immigration detentions. The government has also begun to release a significant number of asylum seekers from all the closed immigration detention facilities and integrating them into the community on Bridging Visas (Hawkins 1991, pp. 43). Bridging Visas allow the immigrants to integrate themselves into the community pending resolutions regarding their protection claims. The department of immigration has discovered that most asylum seekers with the Bridging Visas are allowed to have access to the country’s universal health care system and receive living allowances that are equivalent to the 80% of Centrelink Special Benefit (Mares and Mares 2001, pp. 341). The department of immigration has also ensured that people living in the community detention move freely and has the right to expression of speech but cannot choose where to live. That is, they should live in places whose addresses are determined and specified by the Minister for immigration. Such individuals are also subject to supervision arrangements and curfews. By 30th April 2017, the department reported about 560 individuals in community detention as well as more than 20,000 others living in the community on Bridging Visas (Steel et al. 2004, pp. 527). Work rights The Ministry of Immigration has dwelled tremendously with regard to work rights of refugees and asylum seekers. For example, by December 2014, the asylum seekers who had arrived in the country by boat after July 2012 and who had subsequently discharged from various immigration facilities and granted Bridging Visas were not eligible to work rights. In this note, by December 2014, the government granted work permits to the asylum seekers in this category. Before the amendment of the policy, individuals in community detention were not entitled to work rights (Borjas 2011, pp. 58). That is, most asylum seekers could suffer and live in poor conditions. Nevertheless, most asylum seekers enjoy relief as they can now apply for Bridging Visas that grant them working rights in the country. It should also be noted that despite such as relieve, there is still some challenges of timely renewal of the Visas as well as practical barriers to securing employment. These challenges indicate that many asylum seekers have difficulty finding employment despite the right to work.   Furthermore, most of these face the problem of losing work rights especially when their claims are refused. Access to case support With regard to the refugees and asylum’s access to support, the Status Resolution Support Services (SRSS) program provides that some Bridging Visa holders with complex needs can access more intensive casework support. However, most individuals in this category claim that they receive little assistance that is below their income support (Betts 2003, pp. 169). With regard to the most vulnerable individuals especially people with disabilities, mental health and children may be discharged into the community detention, a community placement that is more supportive and restrictive and which provides more intensive support than those offering services to individuals on Bridging Visas (Steel et al. 2004, pp. 527). Refugees with adverse security assessments Individuals with the well-founded fear of persecution should be assessed and cleared by the Australian Security and Intelligence Organization (ASIO) prior obtaining protection visas. The ministry of immigration, through ASIO, issued adverse security and investigation assessments to more than fifty refugees between 2010 and 2011. According to the guidelines provided by the ASIO, individuals subject to the assessment could not be deported back to their countries of origin because they were recognized as refugees and thus the government could not release them to the Australian community.   Therefore, these individuals were denied protection visas and subsequently remained in definitely in the closed detention facilitates. It is worth noting that, contrary to the rights exercised by the Australian citizens and residents, refugees and asylum seekers are denied the right to appeal the assessment. That is, none of them receive evidence or reasons for the adverse security assessments (Stee l et al. 2004, pp. 527). However, since 2015, many refugees have been released into the Australian community following the overturn of the adverse assessment by the ASIO. Furthermore, the policy dictates that the individuals who have had ASIO assessment overturned to reapply for protection visas. For the refugees who are still in the protection facilities, this indicates longer periods of detention especially if the government intends to release them based on their possession of protection visas. For example, in August 2014, the UN Human Rights Committee reported indefinite detention of the refugees was contrary to the International Covenant on Civil and political rights. Visa cancellations Following the amendments to section 501 of the Migration Act 1958, there are additional grounds based on which refugees and asylum seekers can fail a character test. Interestingly, the amendments now allow the minister for immigration to nullify or cancel an individuals visa on the basis of their character such as having a criminal record or posing or perceived to pose a threat to the Australian community (McMaster 2001, pp. 190). In this connection, individuals who have been sentenced to a year or more have their visas canceled. This means that the cancellation powers put refugees at risk of indefinite or prolonged detention because they cannot be deported to their countries of origin. Moreover, the co-location of individuals who spent time in prisons as well as individuals seeking asylum in the same detention facilities has resulted in tensions in the facilities and consequently intensified security measures put in place to manage the centers. Border Force Act In July 2015, the Australian Border Force (ABF) Act was enacted majorly to make crimes punishable by a period of 2 years imprisonment for entrusted individuals to disclose or make a record of protected information. Under the ABF Act, the entrusted individual could be a Border and Immigration worker including people employed or engaged by the Ministry of Immigration. This includes social educators, workers, and other contracted individuals by the Australian government to provide services on behalf of the Ministry. In October 2016, the ABF Act was further amended to exempt health professionals such as nurses and physicians working in detention from the description of Immigration and Border Protection workers. It is worth noting that the Act was amended before a High court challenge that was filled by a group comprised of nurses, doctors, and other health professionals. Problems and solutions associated with the refugee and asylum policy Adverse conditions and abuse It has been noted with concern that the Australian asylum policy condones abuse such as sexual harassment and prolonged and unlawful detention. It is clear that Australia has failed to address the severe abuse of asylum seekers and refugees in a bid to discourage others from entering the country (McMaster 2001, pp. 190). Various reports have shown that refugees and asylum seekers attempting to infiltrate the country via boats are taken to the offshore processing centres on the pacific islands of Papua New Guinea and Nauru, with the Australian government catering for the processing of the applications.   For example, about 2,000 asylum seekers and refugees on Nauru have reported serious inhumane treatment and abuse by the residents and officials of the Australian government (Leach 2003, pp. 255). That is, the conditions where the asylum seekers and refugees are housed are inadequate and comprise of cramped tents where temperatures are extremely unfavorable as they reach as high as 50oC.   Various interviews contacted by the Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch (HRW) has also indicated that these individuals are subjected to prison-like conditions such as two-minute showers, not allowed to use smartphones and regular search of their tent in the processing centre. In its efforts to review the matter, the ministry of immigration has raised various questions concerning the current Australia’s migration policy. Furthermore, there have been concerns that children detained in Nauru are at risk of post-traumatic stress disorder. This report was based on a reported traumatic incident in which two refugees held in Nauru had set themselves on fire in protest of the pathetic conditions they are subjected to (McMaster 2001, pp. 190). With this regard, the HRW and Amnesty have described the Australian immigration policy as controversial, and an indication of a persistent failure to address such abuses and to some extent condoning and adopting the abuses (Correa-Velez 2005, pp. 23). The Australian government began the process of directing the refugees and asylum seekers to Nauru in 2013 following a significant rise in the number of individuals trying to infiltrate the country via boats (Mountz, 2011, pp. 381). Recommendation/Option 1 The refugee and asylum seeker policy should incorporate clauses that protect the people from mistreatment in the detention facilities. The clause should include access to basic needs such as food and shelter. The policy should also incorporate severe punishment to both the residents and government officials found guilty of mistreating the refugees and asylum seekers. Such penalties should include heavy fines or long-term imprisonment or both for individuals found guilty of perpetrating such offenses (Correa-Velez 2005, pp. 23). Restricted Media Access to Nauru Because the Australias refugee and asylum seekers have restricted media access to Nauru the policy has been described as controversial. Furthermore, in 2014, the government hiked its media visa application fee from $147 to $5862 and fixed it as a non-refundable amount in the event of rejection. The HRW and Amnesty and other stakeholders have described such a clause as very high and exploitative. With this regard, visa requests by media firms such as ABC and Al Jazeera have been rejected. Moreover, ABC’s Ginny Stein reported that even before submitting an application she was discouraged and informed that it had been rejected. It was until October 2017 that the first foreign journalist was granted access (Every and Augoustinos 2007, pp. 411). At one time, an associate editor of the Australian criticized foreign outlets for projecting complaints from refugees and asylum seekers in Nauru without him being on the ground to verify the information and also, being the first foreign jo urnalist to access be granted access to the island, having vague knowledge about the information. Interestingly, Kenny reported that the support for the strong border protection policies contributed to his application’s success (Correa-Velez 2005, pp. 23). Recommendation/Option 2 With regard to the restricted access of foreign journalists accessing detention facilities, the current Australian’s offshore detention policy should incorporate lenient considerations of the application for access (Silove 2000, pp. 604). Such lenient restrictions would permit journalists into accessing the detention facilities and air some of the challenges faced by the individuals. Consequently, such penetration into areas such as Nauru would elicit global concern and, therefore, measure from global governments and well-wishers would intervene and help cover some costs.   Since it is a basic human right to have access to information, there ought to be the enactment of policies that prohibit the ban on Facebook and other social media as well as the use of smartphones in the Nauru Island (Murray and Skull 2005, pp. 25). This would result to positive results contrary to the perception of the Nauruan government that social media is a powerful tool for disrupting, embarrassing and destroy its reputation and consequently its instability (Dudley 2003, pp. 102). Delays in refugee and asylum seeker determination and pressure for its application Under the Australian immigration policy, most refugees and asylum seekers, who come to the country by boat, await for over three years before they get an opportunity to lodge a protection application. Although the Australian’s offshore detention policy permit this group to apply for protection visas, the refugee status determination is frequently suspended for the group. This has been reported as a challenge as the department of immigration normally takes longer to lift such a ban once it is imposed (Every and Augoustinos 2008, pp. 562). Furthermore, the scraping out of government-funded legal advice which has led to the long waiting list to access a lawyer who can assist in lodging a visa protection application has been a significant barrier. This prompted the issuance of warning letters by the department of immigration to the asylum seekers who had not applied for the protection visas as well as those who were in the long list of community legal centers (Gibney 2004, pp.783) . Recommendation/Option 3 There should be an amendment to the current policy stipulating a specific timeline within which asylum seekers and refugees visiting the country can be granted an opportunity to lodge a protection application (Gibney 2004, pp.783). There should be clear guidelines, for example, people should be given 30 or 60 days with a possibility of a 10-day extension and should be advised that failure to do so would lead to losing bridging visas, welfare payment and the right to lodge their applications. Furthermore, it should be stated clearly that if people fail to seek for protection visas through an application by a certain date, they would be barred from applying for a permanent or temporary visa in the country and, therefore, should return to their countries of origin.   Such amendments would curb the problem of the delays in the detention facilities as well as relieve pressure for application of visas and protection among the refugees and asylum seekers (Steel 2006, pp.56). Further, the existing policy should include a fast track RSD process especially for asylum seekers arriving by boat. That is, in the event their claims are nullified by the department of immigration, the group of asylum seekers should no longer be able to apply for review to the independent statutory authority for conducting merits review of the claims (McMaster 2002, pp. 279). The policy should also be in such a way that the department of immigration would have the mandate to decide which of its own negative decisions would be presided over by the Immigration Assessment Authority. With this regard, the Immigration Assessment Authority would provide a far more limited form of review. That is, asylum seekers would no longer be interviewed, and no further information can be presented except in exceptional circumstances (Clyne 2005, pp. 173). Conclusion The Australian’s offshore detention policy is a test in how a country can balance its right to determine who enters into the country with the rights of the worlds dispossessed. In 2001, the country was believed to set itself apart, especially following the Tampa affair incident that brought its policy to the public domain and operationalized. It is clear that the over the years, the refugee and asylum seekers policy have flaws and controversies that need to be addressed through amendments of the some of the Acts or reforms. Some of the controversies or flaws identified include adverse conditions subjected to the refugees and asylum seekers, abuse including sexual and physical assault and restricted media access to detention facilities such as Nauru. Other controversies that have marred the policy include delays in refugee and asylum seeker determination and pressure for its application, work rights and prolonged detention period in Nauru and Papua. It is therefore critical to recommend some of the reforms that the ministry of immigration must put in place in order to address the identified controversies. For example, the ministry must ensure that the right of the refugees and asylum seekers are granted. The ministry should also pass ensure safety in the detention facilities, strict adherence to the timeline within which the Bridging visas and protection application should be granted to the refugees and asylum seekers. Finally, there should be amendments regarding access to information and the authorization of foreign journalists into the detention facilities.

All About the Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall

Erected in the dead of night on August 13, 1961, the Berlin Wall (known as Berliner Mauer in German) was a physical division between West Berlin and East Germany. Its purpose was to keep disaffected East Germans from fleeing to the West. When the Berlin Wall fell on November 9, 1989, its destruction was nearly as instantaneous as its creation. For 28 years, the Berlin Wall had been a symbol of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain between Soviet-led Communism and the democracies of the West. When it fell, the event was celebrated around the world. A Divided Germany and Berlin At the end of World War II, the Allied powers divided conquered Germany into four zones. As agreed at the  July 1945 Potsdam Conference, each was occupied by either the United States, Great Britain, France, or the Soviet Union. The same was done in Germanys capital city, Berlin.   The relationship between the Soviet Union and the other three Allied powers quickly disintegrated. As a result, the cooperative atmosphere of the occupation of Germany turned competitive and aggressive. One of the best-known incidents was the Berlin Blockade in June of 1948  during which the Soviet Union stopped all supplies from reaching West Berlin. Although an eventual reunification of Germany had been intended, the new relationship between the Allied powers turned Germany into West versus East and democracy versus Communism. In 1949, this new organization of Germany became official when the three zones occupied by the United States, Great Britain, and France combined to form West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany, or FRG). The zone occupied by the Soviet Union quickly followed by forming East Germany (the German Democratic Republic, or GDR). This same division into West and East occurred in Berlin.  Since the city of Berlin had been situated entirely within the Soviet Zone of Occupation, West Berlin became an island of democracy within Communist East Germany. The Economic Differences Within a short period of time after the war, living conditions in West Germany and East Germany became distinctly different. With the help and support of its occupying powers, West Germany set up a capitalist society. The economy experienced such a rapid growth that it became known as the economic miracle. With hard work, individuals living in West Germany were able to live well, buy gadgets and appliances, and travel as they wished. Nearly the opposite was true in East Germany. The Soviet Union had viewed their zone as a spoil of war. They pilfered factory equipment and other valuable assets from their zone and shipped them back to the Soviet Union. When East Germany became its own country in 1949, it was under the direct influence of the Soviet Union and a Communist society was established. The economy of East Germany dragged and individual freedoms were severely restricted. Mass Emigration  From the East Outside of Berlin, East Germany had been fortified in 1952. By the late 1950s, many people living in East Germany wanted out. No longer able to stand the repressive living conditions, they decided to head to West Berlin. Although some of them would be stopped on their way, hundreds of thousands made it across the border. Once across, these refugees were housed in warehouses and then flown to West Germany. Many of those who escaped were young, trained professionals. By the early 1960s, East Germany was rapidly losing both its labor force and its population. Scholars estimate that between 1949 and 1961, nearly 2.7 million people fled East Germany. The government was desperate to stop this mass exodus, and the obvious leak was the easy access East Germans had to West Berlin. What to Do About West Berlin With the support of the Soviet Union, there had been several attempts to simply take over the city of West Berlin. Although the Soviet Union even threatened the United States with the use of nuclear weapons over this issue, the United States and other Western countries were committed to defending West Berlin. Desperate to keep its citizens, East Germany knew that something needed to be done. Famously, two months before the Berlin Wall appeared, Walter Ulbricht, Head of the State Council of the GDR (1960–1973) said, Niemand hat die Absicht, eine Mauer zu errichten. These iconic words mean, No one intends to build a wall. After this statement, the exodus of East Germans only increased. Over those next two months of 1961, nearly 20,000 people fled to the West. The Berlin Wall Goes Up Rumors had spread that something might happen to tighten the border of East and West Berlin. No one was expecting the speed—nor the absoluteness—of the Berlin Wall. Just after midnight on the night of August 12–13, 1961, trucks with soldiers and construction workers rumbled through East Berlin. While most Berliners were sleeping, these crews began tearing up streets that entered into West Berlin. They dug holes to put up concrete posts and strung barbed wire all across the border between East and West Berlin. Telephone wires between East and West Berlin were also cut and railroad lines were blocked. Soldiers closing off East Berlin with barbed wire fences. Keystone / Getty Images Berliners were shocked when they woke up that morning. What had once been a very fluid border was now rigid. No longer could East Berliners cross the border for operas, plays, soccer games, or any other activity. No longer could the approximately 60,000 commuters head to West Berlin for well-paying jobs. No longer could families, friends, and lovers cross the border to meet their loved ones.   Whichever side of the border one went to sleep on during the night of August 12, they were stuck on that side for decades. The Size and Scope of the Berlin Wall The total length of the Berlin Wall was 91 miles (155 kilometers). It cut not only through the center of Berlin, but also wrapped around West Berlin, entirely cutting it off from the rest of East Germany. The wall itself went through four major transformations during its 28-year history. It started out as a barbed-wire fence with concrete posts. Just days later, on August 15, it was quickly replaced with a sturdier, more permanent structure. This one was made out of concrete blocks and topped with barbed wire. The first two versions of the wall were replaced by the third version in 1965, consisting of a concrete wall supported by steel girders. The fourth version of the Berlin Wall, constructed from 1975 to 1980, was the most complicated and thorough. It consisted of concrete slabs reaching nearly 12-feet high (3.6 meters) and 4-ft wide (1.2 m). It also had a smooth pipe running across the top to hinder people from scaling it. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images By the time the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, there was a 300-foot No Mans Land established on the exterior, and  an additional inner wall. Soldiers patrolled with dogs and a raked ground revealed any footprints. The East Germans also installed anti-vehicle trenches, electric fences, massive light systems, 302 watchtowers, 20 bunkers, and even minefields. Over the years, propaganda from the East German government would say that the people of East Germany welcomed the Wall. In reality, the oppression they suffered and the potential consequences they faced kept many from speaking out to the contrary. The Checkpoints of the Wall Although most of the border between East and West consisted of layers of preventative measures, there were little more than a handful of official openings along the Berlin Wall. These checkpoints were for the infrequent use of officials and others with special permission to cross the border. Checkpoint Charlie. Express / Getty Images The most famous of these was Checkpoint Charlie, located on the border between East and West Berlin at Friedrichstrasse. Checkpoint Charlie was the main access point for Allied personnel and Westerners to cross the border. Soon after the Berlin Wall was built, Checkpoint Charlie became an icon of the Cold War, one that has frequently been featured in movies and books set during this time period. Escape Attempts and the Death Line The Berlin Wall did prevent the majority of East Germans from emigrating to the West, but it did not deter everyone. During the history of the Berlin Wall, it is estimated that about 5,000 people made it safely across. Soldiers investigating a tunnel dug beneath the Berlin wall. Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images Some early successful attempts were simple, like throwing a rope over the Berlin Wall and climbing up. Others were brash, like ramming a truck or bus into the Berlin Wall and making a run for it. Still others were suicidal as some people jumped from the upper-story windows of apartment buildings that bordered the Berlin Wall.   Soldiers patrolling the Death Strip. KEENPRESS / Getty Images In September 1961, the windows of these buildings were boarded up and the sewers connecting East and West were shut off. Other buildings were torn down to clear space for what would become known as the Todeslinie, the Death Line or Death Strip. This open area allowed a direct line of fire so East German soldiers could carry out  Shiessbefehl, a 1960 order that they were to shoot anyone trying escape. Twenty-nine people were killed within the first year. As the Berlin Wall became stronger and larger, escape attempts became more elaborately planned. Some people dug tunnels from the basements of buildings in East Berlin, under the Berlin Wall, and into West Berlin. Another group saved scraps of cloth and built a hot air balloon and flew over the Wall. Unfortunately, not all escape attempts were successful. Since the East German guards were allowed to shoot anyone nearing the eastern side without warning, there was always a chance of death in any and all escape plots. It is estimated that somewhere between 192 and 239 people died at the Berlin Wall. The 50th Victim of the Berlin Wall One of the most infamous cases of a failed attempt occurred on August 17, 1962. In the early afternoon, two 18-year-old men ran toward the Wall with the intention of scaling it. The first of the young men to reach it was successful. The second one, Peter Fechter, was not. West Berliners Protesting at Berlin Wall with pictures of Peter Fechters body. Corbis / Getty Images As he was about to scale the Wall, a border guard opened fire. Fechter continued to climb but ran out of energy just as he reached the top. He then tumbled back onto the East German side. To the shock of the world, Fechter was just left there. The East German guards did not shoot him again nor did they go to his aid. Fechter shouted in agony for nearly an hour. Once he had bled to death, East German guards carried off his body. He became the 50th person to die at the Berlin Wall and a permanent symbol of the struggle for freedom. Communism Is Dismantled The fall of the Berlin Wall happened nearly as suddenly as its rise. There had been signs that the Communist bloc was weakening, but the East German Communist leaders insisted that East Germany just needed a moderate change rather than a drastic revolution. East German citizens did not agree. Russian leader Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991) was attempting to save his country and decided to break off from many of its satellites. As Communism began to falter in Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia in 1988 and 1989, new exodus points were opened to East Germans who wanted to flee to the West.   In East Germany, protests against the government were countered by threats of violence from its leader, Erich Honecker (served 1971–1989). In October 1989, Honecker was forced to resign after losing support from Gorbachev. He was replaced by Egon Krenz who decided that violence was not going to solve the countrys problems. Krenz also loosened travel restrictions from East Germany. The Fall of the Berlin Wall Suddenly, on the evening of November 9, 1989, East German government official Gà ¼nter Schabowski blundered by stating in an announcement, Permanent relocations can be done through all border checkpoints between the GDR [East Germany] into the FRG [West Germany] or West Berlin. People were in shock. Were the borders really open? East Germans tentatively approached the border and indeed found that the border guards were letting people cross. Corbis  / Getty Images Very quickly, the Berlin Wall was inundated with people from both sides. Some began chipping at the Berlin Wall with hammers and chisels. There was an impromptu and massive celebration along the Berlin Wall, with people hugging, kissing, singing, cheering, and crying. Corbis  / Getty Images The Berlin Wall was eventually chipped away into smaller pieces (some the size of a coin and others in big slabs). The pieces have become collectibles and are stored in both homes and museums. There is also now a Berlin Wall Memorial at the site on Bernauer Strasse. Luis Davilla / Getty Images After the Berlin Wall came down, East and West Germany reunified into a single German state on October 3, 1990.